Python property,属性


 

 

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顾名思义,property用于生成一个属性,通过操作这个属性,可以映射为对某些函数的操作,类似于C#。

 

形式为

pvar = propery(get_func, set_func, del_fun, doc_func);

在get,set,del,doc的时候分别调用相应的函数;

 

尝试这样定义

>>> aa = property(lambda: hello, lambda x: print(x))

>>> aa

>>> aa = 1

 

看来property只有在class中才有意义(看后文)

>>> class Test:

... aa = property(lambda self: hello, lambda self,x: print(x))

...

>>> t = Test()

>>> t.aa

'hello'

>>> t.aa = (1,2,2)

(1, 2, 2)

 

 

property的神秘面纱

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其实propery并不是一个真正的函数,而是一个类

>>> type(property)

 

而普通的函数为

>>> def f():

... pass

...

>>> type(f)

 

property类实现了__get__, __set__, __delete__方法,这3个方法合在一起,就定义了描述符规则,实现了其中任何一个方法的对象就叫描述符(descriptor)。描述符的特殊之处在于它使如何被访问的;比如,程序读取一个属性时,如果该属性被绑定到实现了__get__方法的对象上,那么就会调用__get__方法(返回其结果),而不是简单的返回该对象;

class Something:

... def __get__(self, instance, owner):

... print(instance)

... print(owner)

... return __get__

... def __set__(self, instance, name):

... print(instance)

... print(name)

... print(__set__)

 

>>> class Holder:

... s = Something()

...

>>> h = Holder()

>>> h.s

<__main__.Holder object at 0x7fdcd9ed8518>

'__get__'

>>> h.s = 3

<__main__.Holder object at 0x7fdcd9ed8518>

3

__set__

 

Something的__get__ 和 __set__方法的参数instance,对应了Something对象所所绑定的对象;可以想象,Property是通过instance调用传入其中的get, set, del, doc

 

需要注意的是:描述符必须被赋值给类属性,而不是对象实例属性,才有效

>>> class Something:

... pass

>>> setattr(Something, 'aa', property(lambda self: hello, lambda self, x: print(x)))

>>> t.aa

'hello'

>>> t.aa = 3

3

 

而设置在对象实例上,则无效果:

>>> setattr(t, 'aa', property(lambda self: hello, lambda self, x: print(x)))

>>> setattr(Something, 'aa', None)

>>> t.aa

>>> t.aa = 3

 

 

另外,还可以通过注解(Annotation)的方式定义property

class C(object):

| @property

| def x(self):

| I am the 'x' property.

| return self._x

| @x.setter

| def x(self, value):

| self._x = value

| @x.deleter

| def x(self):

| del self._x

 

 

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-pythondescriptors/给了一种动态创建Property的方法

class Person(object):

 

def addProperty(self, attribute):

# create local setter and getter with a particular attribute name

getter = lambda self: self._getProperty(attribute)

setter = lambda self, value: self._setProperty(attribute, value)

 

# construct property attribute and add it to the class

setattr(self.__class__, attribute, property(fget=getter,

fset=setter,

doc=Auto-generated method))

 

def _setProperty(self, attribute, value):

print Setting: %s = %s %(attribute, value)

setattr(self, '_' + attribute, value.title())

 

def _getProperty(self, attribute):

print Getting: %s %attribute

return getattr(self, '_' + attribute)

 

 

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