python3 基础 笔记记录-2，,http://www
python3 基础 笔记记录-2，,http://www
http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5717620.html
列表、元组操作
字符串操作
字典操作
集合操作
文件操作
字符编码与转码
1.列表、元组操作
列表是我们最以后最常用的数据类型之一，通过列表可以对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操作
定义列表
names = [‘Alex‘,"Tenglan",‘Eric‘]
通过下标访问列表中的元素，下标从0开始计数
>>> names[0]
‘Alex‘
>>> names[2]
‘Eric‘
>>> names[-1]
‘Eric‘
>>> names[-2] #还可以倒着取
‘Tenglan‘
切片:取多个元素
>>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
>>> names[1:4] #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4
[‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘]
>>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1
[‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘]
>>> names[0:3]
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘]
>>> names[:3] #如果是从头开始取，0可以忽略，跟上句效果一样
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘]
>>> names[3:] #如果想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写
[‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
>>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
[‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘]
>>> names[0::2] #后面的2是代表，每隔一个元素，就取一个
[‘Alex‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘]
>>> names[::2] #和上句效果一样
[‘Alex‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘]
追加
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
>>> names.append("我是新来的")
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
插入
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入")
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿势")
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
修改
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>> names[2] = "该换人了"
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘该换人了‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
删除
>>> del names[2]
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>> del names[4]
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>>
>>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
>>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值
‘我是新来的‘
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
扩展
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> names.extend(b)
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
拷贝
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
>>> name_copy = names.copy()
>>> name_copy
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
统计
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.count("Amy")
2
排序&翻转
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.sort() #排序
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str() #3.0里不同数据类型不能放在一起排序了，擦
>>> names[-3] = ‘1‘
>>> names[-2] = ‘2‘
>>> names[-1] = ‘3‘
>>> names
[‘Alex‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘]
>>> names.sort()
>>> names
[‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Tom‘]
>>> names.reverse() #反转
>>> names
[‘Tom‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘]
获取下标
>>> names
[‘Tom‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘]
>>> names.index("Amy")
2 #只返回找到的第一个下标
2.元组
元组其实跟列表差不多，也是存一组数，只不是它一旦创建，便不能再修改，所以又叫只读列表
语法 names = ("alex","jack","eric")
它只有2个方法，一个是count,一个是index，完毕。
3.字符串操作 ：特性：不可修改
name.capitalize() 首字母大写
name.casefold() 大写全部变小写
name.center(50,"-") 输出 ‘---------------------Alex Li----------------------‘
name.count(‘lex‘) 统计 lex出现次数
name.encode() 将字符串编码成bytes格式
name.endswith("Li") 判断字符串是否以 Li结尾
"Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 输出‘Alex Li‘， 将\t转换成多长的空格
name.find(‘A‘) 查找A,找到返回其索引， 找不到返回-1
format :
>>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
>>> msg.format("alex",22)
‘my name is alex, and age is 22‘
>>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
>>> msg.format("alex",22)
‘my name is 22, and age is alex‘
>>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
>>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
‘my name is ale, and age is 22‘
format_map
>>> msg.format_map({‘name‘:‘alex‘,‘age‘:22})
‘my name is alex, and age is 22‘
msg.index(‘a‘) 返回a所在字符串的索引
‘9aA‘.isalnum() True
‘9‘.isdigit() 是否整数
name.isnumeric
name.isprintable
name.isspace
name.istitle
name.isupper
"|".join([‘alex‘,‘jack‘,‘rain‘])
‘alex|jack|rain‘
maketrans
>>> intab = "aeiou" #This is the string having actual characters.
>>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
>>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
>>>
>>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
>>> str.translate(trantab)
‘th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!‘
msg.partition(‘is‘) 输出 (‘my name ‘, ‘is‘, ‘ {name}, and age is {age}‘)
>>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
‘alex LI, chinese name is lijie‘
msg.swapcase 大小写互换
>>> msg.zfill(40)
‘00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}‘
>>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
‘Hello 2orld-----------------------------‘
>>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
‘-----------------------------Hello 2orld‘
>>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈"
>>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串可否被当作标志符，即是否符合变量命名规则
True
4.字典
字典一种key - value 的数据类型，使用就像我们上学用的字典，通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。
语法:
info = {
‘stu1101‘: "TengLan Wu",
‘stu1102‘: "LongZe Luola",
‘stu1103‘: "XiaoZe Maliya",
}
字典的特性：
dict是无序的
key必须是唯一的,so 天生去重
增加
>>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空"
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1104‘: ‘苍井空‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘TengLan Wu‘}
修改
>>> info[‘stu1101‘] = "武藤兰"
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘武藤兰‘}
删除
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘武藤兰‘}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿势
‘武藤兰‘
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘}
>>> del info[‘stu1103‘] #换个姿势删除
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘}
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> info = {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘}
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘} #随机删除
>>> info.popitem()
(‘stu1102‘, ‘LongZe Luola‘)
>>> info
{‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘}
查找
>>> info = {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘}
>>>
>>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102") #获取
‘LongZe Luola‘
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上，但是看下面
‘LongZe Luola‘
>>> info["stu1105"] #如果一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: ‘stu1105‘
多字典的嵌套操作
av_catalog = {
"欧美":{
"www.youporn.com": ["很多免费的,世界最大的","质量一般"],
"www.pornhub.com": ["很多免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
"letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高质量图片很多","资源不多,更新慢"],
"x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","全部收费,屌比请绕过"]
},
"日韩":{
"tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,个人已经不喜欢日韩范了","听说是收费的"]
},
"大陆":{
"1024":["全部免费,真好,好人一生平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
}
}
av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput
[‘全部免费,真好,好人一生平安‘, ‘服务器在国外,慢,可以用爬虫爬下来‘]
其他姿势
#values
>>> info.values()
dict_values([‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘])
#keys
>>> info.keys()
dict_keys([‘stu1102‘, ‘stu1103‘])
#setdefault
>>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
‘Alex‘
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘}
>>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
‘LongZe Luola‘
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘}
#update
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
>>> info.update(b)
>>> info
{‘stu1102‘: ‘龙泽萝拉‘, 1: 2, 3: 4, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘}
#items
info.items()
dict_items([(‘stu1102‘, ‘龙泽萝拉‘), (1, 2), (3, 4), (‘stu1103‘, ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘), (‘stu1106‘, ‘Alex‘)])
#通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],‘testd‘)
{1: ‘testd‘, 2: ‘testd‘, 3: ‘testd‘}
循环dict
#方法1
for key in info:
print(key,info[key])
#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
print(k,v)
python3 基础 笔记记录-2
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